海上风电接入电网建模与故障穿越技术_余浩黎灿兵等_9787519855116

海上风能以其资源丰富、发电利用小时数相对较高、靠近负荷中心、不占用土地和适宜大规模开发等特点，成为近年来世界各国争相开发的新型能源。在此背景下编写了本书，对海上风电接入电网技术进行研究。
本书共分为8章，分别为概述、双馈风电机组建模与特性分析、永磁半直驱风电机组建模与特性分析、风电场的等值模型及特性分析、柔性直流输电在海上风电并网中的应用、柔性直流并网系统建模及特性分析、含高比例海上风电局部电网暂态建模仿真、海上风电并网对电网稳定性的影响。

随着陆上风资源开发的逐渐饱和，海上风电成为未来风能应用和发展的重点，越来越受到各国的重视。海上风能具有资源丰富、发电利用小时数相对较高、靠近负荷中心、不占用土地和适宜大规模开发等特点，是新能源发展的前沿领域，也是目前发展潜力的可再生能源。发展海上风电成为优化能源结构、实现能源转型升级、促进装备制造业发展的重要举措。
风电出力随机、随风速风向变化易引起电网有功、无功的变动，会造成并网点及近区电网电压波动；来源于风电机组中的电力电子元件产生大量谐波，对电网造成谐波污染；因此大规模海上风电接入将对电网电能质量造成较大影响。海上风电场特别是多风电场集中并网背景下，无功电压补偿配置及控制策略对电力系统的运行也会造成较大影响。在大规模海上风电集中接入局部电网的背景下，海上风电机组和风电场大规模脱网将对近区电网安全稳定运行造成较大威胁，风电机组及风电场的故障穿越特性对电网安全稳定运行影响也较大，因此合理评估系统故障对含高比例海上风电电网的安全稳定运行的影响迫在眉睫。
本书主要针对高比例海上风电集中接入局部电网，进行含高比例海上风电集群建模仿真技术和故障穿越特性等方面的研究，建立适用于大规模海上风电集中接入局部电网的电磁暂态详细仿真模型，揭示不同故障情况下大规模海上风电基地内部电力电子元件以及这些元件与电网间故障特性的交互作用对电网安全的影响机理。为后续开展含高比例海上风电集中接入局部电网的暂态建模仿真、并网要求、接入模式、运行控制、电能质量控制等方面的技术研究提供仿真基础支撑，促进海上风电并网技术的发展，提升电网安全可靠消纳海上风电的能力。
本书共包括8 章。第1 章详细介绍了海上风电发展概况，包括全球及我国的海上风电发展概述、海上风电技术发展特点和海上风电场并网问题等。介绍了风电故障穿越及控制策略，包括国内外故障穿越研究现状、故障穿越要求（低电压穿越、高电压穿越和频率适应性）和已有的高低压故障穿越策略等。
第2 章和第3 章分别介绍了双馈风电机组和永磁半直驱风电机组单机模型各模块的功能与PSCAD 建模过程；并进行了稳态、高电压穿越及低电压穿越三种工况下的特性分析与整机模型验证，为后续深入分析奠定了基础。
第4 章重点研究了风电场等值分群方法和风电场等值参数计算方法，建立了风电场多机组等值模型，并以16 台机组详细模型与等值模型的稳态、动态仿真效果对比验证了等值方法的有效性。
第5 章分析了柔性直流输电工作原理及特点，并结合国内外海上风电柔直并网工程开展情况研究了柔性直流输电在海上风电并网中的优势及局限性。
第6 章在研究了柔性直流输电系统结构及控制逻辑的基础上，建立了海上风电柔直并网输电系统模型，研究了并网柔直系统故障穿越过程及其控制策略，仿真研究了并网柔直系统与风电场协调控制策略，并对比分析了海上风电高压交流/高压直流并网输电特性及其对电网的影响。
第7 章构建了海上风电场故障穿越等特性研究的实地系统仿真模型。结合风电场实用化等值模型，开展了局部电网高比例海上风电高、低电压穿越特性，频率适应特性，柔直并网协调控制特性，谐波污染特性及工频过电压特性仿真研究。
第8 章结合上文建模仿真研究，从系统安全稳定、电能质量、工频过电压、对电网规划的影响等方面分析梳理了海上风电对电网的影响。
后，衷心感谢张子杰硕士、张哲萌、任万鑫参与本书的修订工作；同时也感谢左正敏、许亮、黄欣、宫大千、段瑶等广东电网公司工作人员对本书出版的支持。
由于本书编写时间仓促，书中难免存在疏漏及不足之处，恳请广大读者批评指正。
著者
2021 年1 月

目录
前言
第1 章概述 ·················································································· 1
1.1 全球海上风电发展概述 ··························································1
1.2 中国海上风电发展概述 ··························································3
1.3 海上风电技术发展特点 ··························································4
1.4 海上风电场并网导则 ·····························································6
第2 章双馈风电机组建模与特性分析 ··············································· 20
2.1 风力涡轮机模块 ································································· 20
2.2 发电机侧变流器控制模块 ····················································· 22
2.3 网侧变流器控制模块 ··························································· 25
2.4 风速模块 ·········································································· 28
2.5 传动系统模块 ···································································· 28
2.6 Crowbar 保护电路 ······························································· 29
2.7 超级电容模块 ···································································· 29
2.8 高低电压穿越模块 ······························································ 31
2.9 高低电压穿越控制策略 ························································ 33
2.10 整机模型及验证 ································································ 35
第3 章永磁半直驱风电机组建模与特性分析 ······································ 43
3.1 永磁同步发电机模块 ··························································· 43
3.2 机侧变流器控制模块 ··························································· 44
3.3 网侧变流器控制模块 ··························································· 45
3.4 PWM 调制模块 ·································································· 48
3.5 负序控制模块 ····································································· 49
3.6 虚拟阻尼模块 ····································································· 51
3.7 高低电压穿越模块 ······························································· 52
3.8 Chopper 保护模块 ································································ 55
3.9 高低电压穿越控制策略 ························································· 56
3.10 整机模型及验证 ································································ 58
第4 章风电场的等值模型及特性分析 ··············································· 83
4.1 风电场等值目标及思路 ························································· 83
4.2 基于风速因子的风电场分群方法 ············································· 87
4.3 风电场等值参数计算方法 ······················································ 90
4.4 等值模型仿真验证 ······························································· 95
第5 章柔性直流输电在海上风电并网中的应用 ································· 102
5.1 柔性直流输电概述 ····························································· 102
5.2 海上风电柔性直流并网特点 ················································· 105
5.3 柔性直流输电基本工作原理 ················································· 106
5.4 柔性直流输电并网对风电场的要求 ········································ 119
第6 章柔性直流并网系统建模及特性分析 ······································· 123
6.1 柔性直流输电系统及其控制 ················································· 123
6.2 关键控制模块及建模 ·························································· 124
6.3 并网柔直故障穿越及其控制策略 ··········································· 132
6.4 并网柔直系统与海上风电场协调控制 ····································· 140
6.5 交直流并网模式仿真对比及特性分析 ····································· 143
第7 章含高比例海上风电局部电网暂态建模仿真 ······························ 148
7.1 局部电网构建 ··································································· 148
7.2 海上风电场稳态特性仿真 ···················································· 159
7.3 海上风电高、低电压穿越特性仿真 ········································ 170
7.4 海上风电频率特性仿真 ······················································· 182
7.5 柔直并网海上风电协调控制特性仿真 ···································· 185
7.6 谐波仿真及治理 ······························································· 191
7.7 工频过电压仿真分析 ························································· 202
第8 章海上风电并网对电网稳定性的影响 ······································· 223
8.1 大规模海上风电脱网风险及对系统安全稳定的影响 ·················· 223
8.2 海上风电场对电能质量的影响 ············································· 234
8.3 海上风电场工频过电压问题及对系统的影响 ··························· 242
8.4 海上风电并网对电网规划发展的影响 ···································· 253

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